Sikh/ Hindus in the United States of America

Introduction Sikhism/Hindu is an Indian religion that emerged in the United States of America in the early 19th century. Hindu can be typically referred to as Santana Dharma and as well as Vaidika Dharma. There was a very tough situation in India due to the British colonial power. This affected the financial systems and the economy, thus making many Indians to migrate. The Indians immigrated gradually to America where they have grown into big numbers.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sikh/ Hindus in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many immigrated to avoid problems that prevailed in their nations, as others went to study and to live there. Some problems in their mother countries included poverty, poor economy, security issues, and medical issues. Despite the challenges they face from the hosts, the Sikhs/ Hindus have continued to live and with time have acquired recognition. T his has also helped them to emerge into the bliss of great opportunities and advantages. This paper seeks to search the plight of Sikhs/ Hindus in the United States of America. Challenges faced by the Sikhs/ Hindus There are several challenges facing the Sikh and Hindu religions at large, which are either internal or external. Generally, as a religion, Hindu has received opposition over years for its beliefs and for its social and political force. In addition to this, some of them are depicted disrespectful in the field of academia (Otto 215). The Sikhs fellow students from other religions have ridiculed most Sikh students although the constitution provides for their civil liberty. On the other hand, some face the internal challenge of not being conversant with their religion. Others also don’t understand fully their way of life. The Sikh religion cannot be identified on basis of secondary sources but primary sources. It has had a series of challenges since 1708 when its iden tity began to face opposition seeking to dissolve it completely. With no study up to date to support the Sikh identity, the fight to diffusing it still goes on. Religious challenges The major religious challenge of the Sikhs and Hindus in general is the misconception many people bear, that all Hindus or Sikhs are Indians. This is opposed to the rising number of non Indians who are Hindus. The belief by Hindus that in marriage two families get into covenant has received a great opposition. This opposition has led to many Hindus dropping the religious rule and marrying on the partners’ covenant. Many people have not received awareness on the Sikh/Hindu identity. This continues to be the reason why many still don’t value the Hindu. Comparing the number of the Hindus and other religions existing in America, the opposition was massive. Advocating against such majority would be an extreme task. This made many Hindus to shy off and step back to give way to the majority. Cultu ral challenges The Sikh people faced a great challenge in the United States. Between 2007 and 2010, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) came up with new amendments in these regulations. The regulations provided that when checking headgears, the person was required to remove it. This was against the culture of the Sikh people.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The airport security procedure, metallic and non metallic, are completely against the Sikh culture. According to the Sikh culture, one is only allowed to remove the turban when bathing. No other circumstance should make them remove it. They also count it as inconvenient to remove the turban in public. It is also a dishonor to remove somebody’s turban or touch it with dirty hands or even any person who does not agree with their belief system. Following the bombing attacks to the United States in the September 11, hate arose against the Sikh people. Every person with a turban on the head was counted a terrorist and therefore was mistreated. The Sikhs/Hindus received mistreatments as mistaken identities. Statistics show that the experience by the Sikh could only be compared to the Chinese Americans after Chinese people attacked the Pearl Harbor. Lack of cultural awareness by other religions has caused the Hindus a great loss, despite the fact that the Sikhs have been there for over 100 years. The Sikhs, with a great desire and hope that one day awareness about their culture will reign, have paid tribute to the American culture as well as to their own culture. The Sikhs leadership has worked up and down to prevent the advancing of the rough treatment they receive after September 11. This has not born much fruits with the low level of the identity awareness. Sikhs/Hindus and Other Religions Both Christianity and Islam do not have a recorded revelation, whereas the Sikh has one , Kartarpuri Bir. The Bible and the Quran are said to be culturally and historically made, since they’ve been written after the death of their Prophets. Due to envy, Sikh religion has been fought heavily in order to bring confusion among its followers. Another big challenge is that the Hindus are divided and dispersed unevenly in the states. They have different languages and tend to group themselves according to their languages. The languages have been divided into Nahuati and Yucatec Mayan. History of Hindu The first four Indians came into the United States on 6th April 1899. Majority of the subsequent immigrants were the Sikhs/ Hindus, who live in the state of Punjab in India. Statistics show that 90% of the immigrants were Indians while Muslims made 10%. Due to the British colonialism, which at that time colonized India, the economy of India deteriorated. This led to the migration of most of the Indians to America. After settling in America, many of them worked in big farm s as others worked as the railway constructors. Their hard work enabled them to gain financial stability within a relatively short period.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sikh/ Hindus in the United States of America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hinduism in America is a small religion which is slowly growing. It originated from India and Nepal. It forms an estimated 0.4% of the American’s population. Hindu began officially in America after 1965 after passing the Immigration and Nationality Services (INS) Act. It was after the act when Hindus with different agendas began to settle in America (Rao 263). Some came to preach the religion as others came to work and settle. Before 1965, immigration of the Hindu to America was a banned case and only students, tourists, and visitors were allowed. However, historians argue that in the early 1820s several Indians had already settled in America. Up to th e 19th century, an approximate of 800 Indians had already moved into America. Several Indians who were working in companies in the America at that time faced opposition by natives who saw them as threat for jobs. Following this, in 1907 many Indians were forced to flee after the natives attacked their places of work. Successes of Sikh/ Hindu religion It is said that Indians who settled in America have grown academically more than the natives in all genders and ages. Most of them have completed the undergraduate and graduate studies as well as postgraduate studies (Deyhle 8). This has led to a high level of education in the Indian community within the United States of America. According to the results given after a census was conducted, many Indians have high academic qualifications compared to the natives. Statistics show that more than 54% of the Indians have such qualifications. In early 2000, statistics show that an average Indian worker earned $29,745 with females having an aver age of $16,078 and males having $40,551. These statistics also depicted the education level difference between the two genders. The living standards for Indian families were also seen to be very high with the fact that many of them lived as families with every one of them earning. Up to date Sikh/ Hindu have grown in high rate in the United States of America. Statistics show that in 1900 their population was 1700, 387,000 in 1980, and 1.1 million in 1997. Currently, the population of the Sikh/Hindu is two million. Between 20,000 and 30,000 Sikhs/ Hindus are employed creating a market value of $200 billion dollars in the technology sector. By 1920, the Sikh/ Hindu became great farmers owning 2099 acres of land as well 86340 acres land, which was on lease. This success came as a result of the previous experience with the colonial masters as well as their hard work. The freedom to own this land gave them a motivation to live among the hosts. The fact that they were used to this kind of life in India, made them feel at home thus boosting their familiarity as well as security.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problems faced by the Sikhs/Hindus without The major problem that the Sikhs/ Hindus faced and still face is being treated as minorities and outsiders by the hosts. In many circumstances, the hosts, who are the majority, have acted oddly to them excluding them as immigrants (Khushwant 242). They were treated like slaves. The Sikhs were restricted from marrying from Punjab and even America. If in any case one married an American, the American ceased to be a citizen. In addition, they were restricted from acquiring citizenship. Intermarriage occurred between them and the Mexican Catholic group. In the course of these, the language remained a problem. Even after going through opposition to get educated, the Sikh/ Hindus received rejection in working places and others were even denied employment and accommodation. The antidiscrimination laws existed just not for them. In majority of interviews, many were asked how prepared they were to abandon the turban and cut their hair. This pushed m any of them into self employment and family businesses. Currently a good number of American natives have admitted to accommodate the Sikh/ Hindus after understanding their culture and value for human rights. However, this still depends on the awareness of their identity. Many Sikhs/ Hindus received employment in big companies and in top positions. An awareness of their identity has circulated in many parts of the United States leading to peaceful interactions. There also exist ideological and generational differences between the Hindus. This was experienced way back in 1993 when they split into three small groups each claiming to have inherited the Hindu traditions, as discussed earlier. This was after the people opposing the Sikh / Hindu religion imposed much pressure on them. In addition, the Hindus face variety of problems ranging from poor infrastructure, poverty, poor security, poor medical facilities, illiteracy, and overpopulation. These are problems said to have been inheren t also in India. Problems faced by the Sikh/ Hindu within The biggest problem was the fear of whether to expose themselves or not. They feared being recognized as a distinct religion by the hosts. According to their tradition, they were supposed to maintain their major values which are the 5ks i.e. kachh (a type of shorts), kirpan (a sword), kes (unshorn hair), Kara (a steel bangle) and kangha (a comb in the hair). This did not depend on the environment or the color of the person. However, a person had a choice to discard the principles of the traditions and abandon the outward representation of faith. This would mean such a person was to be classified differently. There were three classifications. The first class would include those who absolutely gave up the religion and joined another one. The second class would consist of those who give in to the pressure and pass the blame to the intolerant people. The third class would cut their hair, remove the turban, and defend that faith w as not shown keeping the hair or having the turban. There was enough pressure for many of them to give in. It therefore called for a great faith for one to stand with the principles of the tradition. The pressure sometimes went to the extent of death. The Hindus faced the problem of not being able to solve interpersonal and family issues, which has led to a great conflict from generation to generation. Such conflicts range from conflicts about sex, marriage, choice of careers, dating, food, and drugs (Barrier and Dusenbery 136). This has been because of their traditions, which should never be breached, and if one tries to breach them then he/she is liable to die. Most of such traditions are against children and women. The culture prevents the media from exposing this. Conclusion The Sikh/ Hindu in America have gone through a gradual change. Though they are few, they’ve worked hard to receive recognition. Their identity awareness remains uncompleted mission with some people st ill ill-treating them. They hold firmly to the principles of their culture and religion but live an inward looking life. They have paid tribute to the American culture hoping that one day their culture will also receive total recognition. This remains a dream to be realized in real time. They are currently working hard to spread the awareness of their identity. Moreover, they have established themselves both academically and economically. They are highly educated owners of big businesses contributing greatly to the economy. The September 11 attack gave rise to the desire to know more about the Sikhs and their role in America. The Sikhs/ Hindu are human beings entitled to full and complete human rights. They deserve to be treated with love and consideration. On the other hand, they also ought to do the same to others. If all people were aware of others identity, then the whole world would be living in peace and gradual development. Everyone should endeavor to know and understand othe r people’s identity. Works Cited Barrier, Norman Gerald and Verne A. Dusenbery. The Sikh Diaspora: Migration and the Experience beyond Punjab. Delhi: Chanakya Publications, 1989. Print. Deyhle, Donna. â€Å"Constructing Failure and Maintaining Cultural Identity: Navajo and Ute School Leavers†. Journal of American Indian Education 31. 2 (1992): 24-47. Print. Khushwant, Singh. History of the Sikhs, 1839-1974. London: Oxford University Press, 1977. Print. Otto, Rudolph. An Idea of the Holy. London: Oxford University Press, 1993. Print. Rao, Kelvin. Indian Americans Asian-Nation: The Landscape of Asian America. 2003. Web. http://www.asian-nation.org/indian.shtml#sthash.NZQtJDgi.dpbs. This research paper on Sikh/ Hindus in the United States of America was written and submitted by user Desmond Daugherty to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of Edited American English

Definition and Examples of Edited American English Edited American English is a variety of Standard American English used in most forms of  academic writing. It is also called Standard Written English (SWE). Edited English commonly refers to writing that has been prepared for publication in print (in contrast to online writing). The Brown University Corpus of Edited American English (BUC) contains approximately one million words of present-day edited American English. Excluded from this corpus are any forms of spoken English as well as words found in verse, drama, and scientific writing. Commentary Edited American English is the version of our language that has come to be the standard for written public discourse- for newspapers and books and for most of the writing you do in school and on the job... Where did this description of Edited American English come from? It is the work through the years of many grammarians, many authors of textbooks and dictionaries, many editors who have taken it upon themselves to describe- and sometimes to prescribe- the version of English used by the influential writers and speakers of their day. Those writers and speakers dont say I dont have no money and He dont like me and I aint going- at least not in their public discourse. They say I dont have any money and He doesnt like me and Im not going, so those forms are the ones that get included in the grammar books and usage manuals as the standard. (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar, 5th ed. Allyn and Bacon, 1998)For college students, Edited American English consists of t he language used in formal written documents, for example, in course essays, assignments, and term papers. The rigorous editing required for those tasks is not as necessary in more informal writing, such as journal entries, freewriting, blogs, and first drafts. (Ann Raimes and Susan Miller-Cochran, Keys for Writers, 7th ed. Wadsworth, Cengage, 2014) Examples of Usage in EAE: Singulars and Plurals​ Edited American English and most conservative American commentary insist that the singular nouns kind, manner, sort, type, style, and way must be modified by singular demonstratives (this/that kind or manner or sort or style or way)  and that normally each will be followed by an of phrase with a singular object (this kind of dog, that manner of chatter, that sort of dilemma, this type of book, this way of writing). Further, these same conservative American standards insist that when kind, manner, sort, type, way, and the like are plural, then the preceding demonstratives and any count nouns serving as objects of the following prepositions must also be plural: these kinds of studies, those sorts of poems, these types of airplanes. But when the following objects of the preposition are mass nouns, they may be singular, as in those sorts of gravel, those types of sand, these ways of thinking. Whatever the American Edited English standards demand, however, British English and American C onversational and Informal uses clearly display a full range of combinations of singulars and plurals... (The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Columbia University Press, 1993)

Developing International Business Strategies Assignment

Developing International Business Strategies - Assignment Example Even though goals are broad, objectives need to be well-defined, visionary, and SMART, i.e. Specific: they should be clear; Measurable: they should be obtainable; Achievable: there should be a genuine path to achieving these goals; Realistic: they should revolve around the availability of resources and knowledge; and Timely: there should be enough time to achieve these goals and objectives (Management for Performance, 2010). The importance of strategic objectives in a business plan is that they provide a framework for future decision-making, secure a basis for more in-depth planning, help in benchmarking, monitor performance, and communicate the business information to others. They should not necessarily indicate to achieve profits, but should be in connection to the requisites and expectation of all the chief stakeholders, and should reveal the basic purpose(s) of running the business. Market Analysis and Research: In this section of the business plan, the entrepreneur should convin ce the readers that s/he has a complete understanding of the market and that s/he can recognize and deal with problems emerging from competitors or market constraints within their market. This step is essential because it provides a basis for developing the marketing strategy as well as for the preparation of sales forecasts. With analysis and research, the entrepreneur determines about their main products and/or services, customers, as well as their competitors and their strengths and weaknesses. Hence, this section should give insight into the market’s characteristics, the entrepreneur’s target customers’ profile, the competitors and how s/he plans to attain advantage over them in order to establish a prosperous venture (Ehmke and Akridge,... This essay discusses that the self-employed mindset is another driving characteristic of an entrepreneur that ignites the desire to gain greater control over life, career, and destiny so as to set their own stage for working on their business. The ingredients for an entrepreneurial success recipe have been explained by a business coaching franchise Action-COACH, that the entrepreneur’s ability to stay open-minded and rely on a work-force instead of being a solo-performer are major contributing factors for a business system to be a success. The principle of formulating a venture that works for its owner, instead of the owner working for it the entire time, is imperative for becoming an actual entrepreneur versus becoming merely the chief employee of one’s own self-employed business.Hadzima (2005) refers to the characteristics of entrepreneurs by using the term ‘Right Stuff’ for individuals who possess a blend of highly effective entrepreneurial traits. He st ates that an entrepreneur must have the ability to cope with risk and uncertainty; even if there’s a severe lacking of one or multiple critical resources, the entrepreneur is still able to make his or her way towards the goals. Another trait is for an entrepreneur to be result-oriented, take control of ownership, and get the task done with sound decision-making skills and a ‘can-do’ attitude. The ‘Right Stuff’ entrepreneur has growth potential so much so that she is ready to accept much higher levels of responsibility and begins to undertake supervisory duties much sooner.

Beethoven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Beethoven - Essay Example Beethoven spent his teenage and young adult years studying music and composing many of his own works. In 1790, he met the famous musician of the time, Franz Joseph Haydn. In 1792, when he was twenty-two, Beethoven moved to Vienna to study music under Haydn. The age difference between the two men caused difficulties; Haydn, being sixty at the time, was more old-fashioned in both his music and his teaching, while Beethoven was more rebellious with his music. He did not like conforming to the limitations set down by musicians of the classical era, and Haydn was not as willing to let him experiment. After some time, Beethoven was accepted into the palace of Prince Lichnowsky, where he had more musical freedom; indeed, there were times when Beethoven did not even feel like playing. The prince allowed him these moments, eventually giving Beethoven his own quarters in the palace so that he could have the utmost independence. In the early years, Beethoven focused on writing only keyboard and chamber music pieces. As he continued to age and grow in his music, he began to experiment with other genres. Between the years of 1792 and 1802, Beethoven had his first performances and compositions of keyboard and chamber works. Between 1802 and 1812, Beethoven wrote six symphonies, four concertos, five string quartets, a opera, several orchestral overtures and numerous piano sonatas, as well as more chamber pieces (Yudkin, pg. 199). Beethoven also established his own personal music style, one that people would be in awe of for centuries to come. Unfortunately, aside from various music styles, Beethoven discovered something else in 1802: he was gradually going deaf. The majority of his best works took place as his hearing became increasingly worse. Unlike many other people, Beethoven refused to let this simple little flaw get in the way of what he loved the

Webinar report 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Webinar report 2 - Essay Example National benchmarks are essential components that aid in the recognition of RDNs when it comes to reimbursement and care of the patients (Hand et al., 2015). I was not privy to most of the information and issues presented at the meeting. However, there are certain elements that were familiar. For instance, I was familiar with various staff models and their application in various health facilities. The topic was very helpful because it provided various perspectives concerning RDN and staffing benchmarks. The presentation also assisted in understanding the inherent gaps that exist in so far as research on staffing models is concerned. Crucial lessons were extracted from the meeting especially in the areas of clinical nutrition and management. Consequently, I learned that information that exists at the moment has a restricted scope to the extent that it limits a comparative analysis between staffing models and facility staffing simulations. The functions of RDN have undergone immense transformation from the time of inception. The information obtained from this forum can be applied in professional practice in a number of dimensions. First, the information emphasizes on the need for benchmarks that can be employed in determining the essence of a patient’s care and reimbursement. Benchmarks are necessary because they can assist a healthcare practitioner in creating standards for staffing levels with key components being staff characteristics and hospital. Hand, RK; Jordan, B; DeHoog, S; Pavlinac, J; Abram, JK; Parrot, JS. (2015). Inpatient Staffing Needs for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists in 21st Century Acute Care Facilities. E-pub ahead of print at Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and

Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Utilization

Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Utilization Different ways glutathione acts to protect mammalian organisms from potentially toxic exogenous and endogenous compounds. Glutathione (GSH or gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine) is a tripeptide and a sulfhydryl (thiol or -SH) antioxidant, enzyme cofactor and antitoxin that is made up of three amino acids namely L-glutamine, L-cysteine and glycine. The water solubility nature make it to be found in the cell cytosol and within aqueous phases of living system, although is constantly encountered in animals, plants and microorganisms (Kosower NS et al 1978 , Meister A et al 1976, Kidd PM et al 1991 and Lomaestro BM et al, 1995). Glutathione exists intracellularly in two forms in either reduced form or oxidized form which can be an antioxidant in reduced form (GSH) and sulphur-sulphur bond compound called glutathione disulphide (GSSG) in the oxidized form. Sensitive indicator of oxidative stress is the ratio of the reduced form (GSH)/ oxidized form (GSSG) which is also important in cell functioning in the organisms. Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Utilization The homeostatical control status of glutathione by continuous self adjusting to equilibrate GSH production, its reprocessing from GSSG and its usage is a function of enzymes such as GSH synthetase, GSH reductase, peroxidises, transferases, transhydrogenases and transpeptidases. Cysteinyl moiety is the functional element of glutathione that provides the thiol reactive group which is liable for the sustenance of protein structure and functions through proteins disulfide linkages reduction, controlling of production and breakdown of protein, sustenance of immune function, defence against oxidative injury, removal of reactive chemicals. The metabolism and function of glutathione is directly decided by structural elements of glutathione which are ÃŽ ³-carboxyl peptide linkages of glutamate and C-terminal glycine presence. All mammalian cells produces GSH (Meister and Tate, 1976) and major site of biosynthesis is the liver ( Deleve and Kaplowitz, 1991). The production of GSH occurs in the cytosol of cell and its breakdown takes place outside the cell; production involves a two phase reaction catalyzed by GSH synthetase and ÃŽ ³-glutamylcysteine synthetase that uses two moles of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) per one mole of GSH while the breakdown are catalyzed by ÃŽ ³-glutamyl transpeptidase and dipeptidases present on the top surface of epithelial tissues. The first phase is under the influence negative feedback from its end product, GSH (Richman and Meister, 1975). The blockage of the regulatory site of the enzymes by excess glutamate can partially prevent feedback inhibition (Meister, 1984; Meister and Anderson, 1983; Richman and Meister, 1975). The limiting factor after the utilization of GSH and loss of feedback inhibition is the availability of cysteine. The breakdown products of GSH S-conjugates and GSH are the same (glutamate, glycine, and cysteine) and are also metabolized by same degradative enzymes which metabolized GSH and the products can be reabsorbed int o the cell for GSH production. Intracellular N-acetyltransferases can acetylate cysteine S-conjugates on the amino group of residue of cysteinyl to form mercapturic acids (N-acetylcysteine S-conjugates) which are released into the circulation or bile (Hinchman et al., 1991). ÃŽ ³-glutamyl cyclotransferase is responsible for the change of excess ÃŽ ³-glutamylcysteine accumulation, in the absence of its change to GSH which can result to 5-oxoproline and 5-oxoproline accumulation has harmful effect because of metabolic acidosis. REDOX AND CELLULAR REGULATORY ROLE OF GSH GSH Peroxidases and phospholipid hydroperoxide GSH peroxidases are antioxidant enzymes which uses glutathione has an important cofactor although GSH peroxidases exist in both selenium-dependent and non-dependent forms ( Zhang L., 1989). GSH peroxidases acts by reacting hydrogen peroxide and other peroxides with GSH in water phase to detoxify them while peroxides produced in cell membranes and lipophilic cell phase are detoxified by phospholipid hydroperoxide GSH peroxidases using GSH (Cathcart RF III., 1985). GSH can also be used by GSH transhydrogenases as a cofactor in the reconversion of dehydroascorbate to ascorbate, ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides and interconversion occurring between disulphide and thiol group. GSH reducing power source is the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) in reduced form which is from the pentose phosphate shunt that glutathione reductase uses as a source of electron in the reprocessing of GSSG to GSH (Cathcart RF III., 1985) and i ndicative of increased risk of oxidative injury in subjects unable to produce enough NADPH due to GSH insufficiency. Vitamin E and carotenoids which are lipid-phase antioxidant can be conserved by GSH reducing power ability (Meister A et al, 1994). There are two pools of GSH in liver which are the cytosolic GSH and mitochondrial GSH; the first has a half-life of 2-4 hours and the second half-life is about 30hours (Meister A et al, 1995). There are various disorders associated with two enzymes involved in the two phase synthesis of GSH which include peripheral neuropathy, haemolytic anaemia, aminoaciduria, CNS function defects, myopathy, spinocerebellar degeneration in inherited deficiency individuals (Meister A, Larsson A., 1995). Kosower NS. et al,. 1978 discovered the essential role of GSH in cellular homeostasis and various cellular functions; biological processes such as cell maturation, protein synthesis, transmembrane transport, intermediary metabolism, enzyme catalysis and re ceptor action. Ondarza RN. , 1989 also observed that redox uniqueness are essential to life process with many vital enzymes and about eight taking part in glucose metabolism being regulated by redox balance (2 thiol group and disulphide). Intracellular sulfhydryl (-SH) groups of proteins are mainly pro-homeostatically regulated by GSH (Crane FL. et al,. 1988). The whole range of biomolecules are protected by combination of the reducing power of glutathione with other antioxidants and ascorbate, which also helps in regulating their function, and to assist the survival and maximum functioning of the cell as a living unit. Metallothioneins are proteins which can bind with heavy metals and potential sulfhydryl poisons due to glutathiones reducing power and its -SH character that set the redox stage and also speed up their removal from the body later (Hidalgo J. et al,. 1990). The redox state of many cellular environments are fine- tune homeostatically by glutathione reducing power. GSH plays a central role in the antioxidant defense system that protects against various free radicals and oxidative stressors which its exposed to regularly (Cross CE, Halliwell B, Borish ET, et al. 1987). The exogenous oxidative insults tends to be more easily controlled by GSH. SYSTEMIC ANTITOXIN ROLE OF GSH Organs like lungs, intestines, kidneys and liver which are directly exposed to exogenous toxins are often important to GSH, although high concentration of GSH in lower section of lungs helps neutralize inhaled toxins (cigarette smoke) and free radicals made by activated lung phagocytes (Lomaestro BM et al, 1995; Cross CE, Halliwell B, Borish ET, et al, 1987). The detoxification of substances foreign to body is mainly by the liver and also carries GSH to other organs. The activity of GSH transferase enzymes (GSTs) drains GSH in normal functioning liver while malnutrition or starvation depletes liver GSH stores (Deleve LD, Kaplowitz N. 1990; Mandl J, et al,. 1995). The electron-donating co-factor of GSTs is GSH due to definite specificity its has for it, although GSTs have fairly wide specificity for their substrates. GSH plays a fair considerable role in liver P450 conjugation activity which is responsible for about 60% of liver metabolites present in bile but GSH conjugation is certa inly of full advantage to organism though it is not positive in every circumstance. There are different classes of xenobiotics that induce P450 enzymes which produce more toxic GSH conjugates than the parent xenobiotics ( Monks TJ, et al,. 1994). Depletion of liver pool of GSH can decrease conjugation and increase xenobiotics toxicity for example are Tylenol ® (experimental acetaminophen) and bromobenzene toxicity (Kidd PM. 1985). Glutathione and also glutathione S-transferase plays important role in the regulation of both acute and chronic chemical toxicity in the lung (west et al., 2003). Detoxification function of glutathione is dependent on the ability of its synthesis in the lungs and the cellular localization (plopper et al., 2001b, West et al., 2000). In human liver, the pulmonary glutathione S-transferase activity is about 30% while in the rodents liver, it is 5-15% (Buckpitt and Cruikshank, 1997). The distribution of isoforms of glutathione S-transferase varies in the lun gs. The result of polymorphisms expression in humans and potential for similarity of this with cancer of the lungs, particularly in smokers, makes glutathione transferase a focus point of acute interest. There are equilibrium systems working between enzymes, that is a decrease in one enzymes can cause an increase in another enzymes at the same time; the location and balance of all the enzymes determines toxicity. CONCLUSION Glutathione functions in the body are numerous which include neutralization of free radicals and reactive oxygen compounds, sustaining exogenous antioxidant in their reduced forms (Vitamins E and C). It also plays important role in diverse metabolic and biochemical reactions for example enzymes activation, DNA synthesis and repair, amino acid transport, protein synthesis, prostaglandin synthesis etc. In the immune system, glutathione manifest full potential by adjusting antigen being presented to lymphocytes which might influence formation of cytokine, resulting in formation of cellular or humoral responses, magnitude of responses are increased by promoting lymphocytes production, thereby causing promotion of killing activity of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells and regulating apoptosis; thus sustaining control of immune system. REFERENCES Buckpitt AR, Cruikshank MK: Biochemical function of the respiratory tract: Metabolism of Xenobiotics, in Sipes IG, Mc Queen CA, Gandolfi JA (eds.): Comprehensive Toxicology, Vol 8, Toxicology of the respiratory system. Oxford: Elsevier Science, 1997, pp 159-186. Plopper CG, Buckpitt A, Evans M, et al.: Factors modulating the epithelial response to toxicants in tracheobronchial airways.Toxicology. 160:173-80, 2001b. West JA, Van Winkle LS, Morin D, et al.: Repeated inhalation exposures of the bioactivated cytotoxicant naphthalene (NA) produce airway specific clara cell tolerance in mice. Toxicol sci 190:286-293, 2003. West JA, Chichester CH, Buckpitt AR, et al.: Heterogeneity of clara cell glutathione. A possible basis for differences in cellular responses to pulmonary cytotoxicants. Am J Respir cell Mol Biol 23:27-36, 2000. Kosower NS, Kosower EM. The glutathione status of cells. Intl Rev Cytology 1978;54:109-160. Meister A. Glutathione metabolism and transport. In: Nygaard OF. Simic MG, ed. Radioprotectors and Anticarcinogens. New York, NY: Academic Press: 1976. Kidd PM. Natural antioxidants-first line of defense. In: Kidd PM, Huber W. Living with the AIDS Virus: A Strategy for Long-Term Survival. Albany. California: PMK Biomedical-Nutritional Consulting: PMK Biomedical-Nutritional Consulting: 1991:115-142. Lomaestro BM, Malone M. Glutathione in health and disease: pharmacotherapeutic issues. Annals Pharmacother 1995:29:1263-73. Meister A. Minireview: Glutathione-ascorbic acid antioxidant system in animals. J Biol Chem 1994(April1);269(13):9397-9400. Meister A, Larsson A. Glutathione synthetase deficiency and other disorders of the gamma-glutamyl cycle. In: Scriver CR, et al eds. The Meatbolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease (volume 1). New York: McGraw-Hill;1995;1461-1495 (chapter 43). Meister A. Glutathione, ascorbate, and cellular protection. Cancer Res (Suppl) 1994(Apr 1);54;1969S-1975S Meister A. Mitochondrial changes associated with glutathione deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995;1271:35-42. Meister A (1984) New aspects of glutathione biochemistry and transport-selective alteration of glutathione metabolism. Nutr Rev 42:397-410. Meister A and Anderson ME (1983) Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem 52:711-760. Meister and Tate SS (1976) Glutathione and related gamma-glutamyl compounds: Biosynthesis and utilization. Annu Rev Biochem 45:559-604. Hinchman CA, Matsumoto H, Simmons Tw and Ballatori n (1991) Intrahepatic conversion of a glutathione conjugate to its mercapturic acid: Metabolism of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene in isolated perfused rat and guinea pig livers. J Biol Chem 266:22179-22185. Richman PG and Meister A (1975) Regulation of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase by nonallosteric feedback inhibition by glutathione. J Biol Chem 250:1422-1426. Wei wang and Nazzareno Ballatori (1998) Endogenous glutathione conjugates: Occurrence and biological functions. Pharmacological reviews Vol. 50, No 3. Zhang L. Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidise: specific activity in rats of different ages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;1006:140-143. Cathcart RF III. Vitamin C: the nontoxic, nonrated-limited, antioxidant free radical scavenger. Med Hypotheses 1985;18:61-77. Crane FL. Morre DJ. Low H (eds). Plasma Membrane Oxidoreductases in Control of Animal and plant Growth. New York: Plenum Press; 1988. Ondarza RN. Enzymes regulation by biological disulfides. Bioscience Reps 1989:9:593-604. Hildalgo J. Garvey JS. Armario A. On the metallothionein. Glutathione and cysteine relationship in rat liver. J Pharmacol Exptl Ther 1990:225:554-564. Cross CE. Halliwell B. Borish ET. Et al. Oxygen radicals and human disease (proceedings of a conference). Ann Intern Med 1987:107:526-545. Kidd PM. Liver biotransformation of xenobiotics, foods, and drugs to free radicals oxidants. In: Levine SA. Kidd PM Antioxidant Adaptation- Its Role in Free Radical Pathology. San Leandro. CA: Biocurrents: 1985:222-281. Deleve LD, Kaplowitz N. Importance and regulation of hepatic glutathione. Seminars Liver Dis 1990;10:251-266. Mandl J, Banhegyi G, Kalapos MP, et al. Increased oxidation and decreased conjugation of drugs in the liver caused by starvation. Altered metabolism of certain aromatic compounds and acetone. Chem Biol Interact 1995;96:87-101. Monks TJ, Lau SS. Glutathione conjugation as a mechanism for the transport of reactive metabolites. Adv Pharmacol 1994;27:183-206. Kidd PM et al. (1997) Glutathione: systemic protectant against oxidative and free radicals damage. Alternative medicine review vol.2 No 3, pp 155-176. Stryer L. Biochemistry (3rd ed) New York NY: WH Freeman:1988. Hinchman CA and Ballatori N (1994) Glutathione conjugation and conversion to mercapturic acids can occur as an intrahepatic process. J Toxicol Environ Health 41:387-409.

The Farm House Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

Throw a dart at any year in the over-sized target that is the 1960s and you will hit on something big in American history. Nineteen sixty-three has the March on Washington, the publication of The Feminine Mystique, and the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Humanity was marching ever onward with ceaseless progress in science, medicine and engineering. The first ever telecast of a live murder by NBC as Jack Ruby assassinated Lee Harvey Oswald. With the U.S. on the eve of yet another war against communism as over one hundred fifty thousand military advisors are stationed in South Vietnam; the Cold War still creeping amidst the nightmares of millions fearing nuclear holocaust. However, for the Geis’ of Lexington, Kentucky, they will see a regression to a life much more arduous. My grandparents, along with my mother Betty and her sisters, were about to leave the easy living and conveniences of nineteen sixties metropolitan life behind. Howard and Regina Geis had a dream that lay well away from the city life. Well away indeed. This dream lied within the backwoods of Barren County down an old country road obscured by the forest itself. An old country road that ran for a good mile down into the hollow†¦ Forty-four acres of farmland that--building from memory and photographs--would eventually become the epitome of rustic charm. The old homestead was surrounded by the kind of eerie, primeval wilderness that can only be truly felt by the unfiltered imagination of youth. Never more truer than when the fog would roll out of the thicket, over the rise and fall of the hills and creep up to the doorsteps. Even though one could call upon memory to reconstruct the family farm and the subsistence farming lifestyle, to really tell this story... ...est daughter’s dairy farm. Before writing this I took the opportunity to venture back into those fabled woods, down that stretch of country gravel to see for myself what remained of the place where my mother grew up and so many fond memories were shared between my cousins and I. Suffice to say, no wild guess was needed to assume what to expect once the farmhouse was within view. I was not surprised when my eyes fell upon the solemn sight. That place which held a lifetime of memories shared by three generations was nothing more than a shadow left in shambles. The farm house had been swallowed up in the years passed as any sign of life and cultivation has been slowly returning to natural order. Gone away were the verdant fields, the shrill laughter of children, and the nostalgic smell of the seasons that always mingled with the aromas of Grannie Geis’ country cooking.

Non violent movement

There is a wide-spread conception in the theory of nation-building that violence is an ultimate way to express disagreement and overcome injustice as well as fight a dictatorship. But the last century has proven the fallaciousness of this conception. Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela and Dalai Lama and many others have shown that nonviolence can be more powerful force in defeating oppressive rulers and laws.Their lives and actions are examples how oppressors or unjust legislation may be defied by the force of word and soul rather than by the force of weapons. Gene Sharp summarizes the effectiveness of nonviolent actions with such words: â€Å"nonviolent action is possible, and is capable of wielding great power even against ruthless rulers and military regimes, because it attacks the most vulnerable characteristic of all hierarchical institutions and governments: dependence on the governed† (p. 18).Nonviolent action is an application of a very simple tr uth: people do not always do what they are told to do, and sometimes they do that which has been forbidden. When people refuse their cooperation, withhold their help, and persist in their disobedience and defiance, they do this to deny their opponents the basic human assistance and cooperation which any government or hierarchical system requires. If they do this collectively through their established independent social institutions or newly improvised groupings for a sufficient period of time, the power of that government will weaken and potentially dissolve.The world history has witnessed the cases when nonviolent means have been chosen over violence for religious or ethical reasons. In some cases, even when pragmatic political considerations were dominant in the choice of nonviolent struggle, the movement has taken on certain religious or ethical overtones. This was the case in the campaigns of the Indian National Congress for independence from Britain in the 1920s, 1930s, and 194 0s. Those struggles, often under Gandhi’s leadership, and also the civil rights campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s in the Deep South of the United States, under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., are very important.Mohandas Karamchand  Gandhi, better known as Mahatma Gandhi, is the first name that comes to mind when one speaks of nonviolence in the 20th century. His charisma and his action not only had a profound effect on India’s modern history, but also provided firm basis for all future nonviolent struggles in the world. Gandhi’s political philosophy revolved around three key concepts: satyagraha (non-violence), sawaraj (home rule), and sarvodaya (welfare of all). Whereas satyagraha was essentially a tactic of achieving political ends by non-violent means, sawaraj and sarvodaya sought to encourage ideas of individual and collective improvement and regeneration. Such regeneration, Gandhi insisted, was necessary if India was to rediscover her enduring h istorical and religious self and throw off British rule. (Andrews, 1949)Perhaps Gandhi’s best-known act of civil disobedience, known as the second satyagraha (‘hold fast to the truth’) was Salt March that was taking place in 1930 from  12 March to 6 April. It expressed increasing frustration by Congress at its own impotence and, specifically, the British refusal to grant Dominion status to India. Gandhi chose the hated salt tax as the object of his campaign. At the time, the Indian government maintained a monopoly over the manufacture of salt, an essential basic commodity which was thus heavily taxed. Those using their own salt, e.g. if they were living close to the sea, were subject to heavy punishment.The 61-year-old Mahatma started the 240-mile-long march from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi together with seventy-eight of his followers. He was joined by thousands along the way, in a march that received vast international and national attention. When t he protesters marched on to a government salt depot, he was arrested, as were between 60,000 and 90,000 other Indians in subsequent months, as well as the entire Congress leadership. Gandhi was released and called off the campaign in March 1931 following the Gandhi–Irwin Pact, which allowed Gandhi to participate in the second Round Table Conference, and symbolically permitted the production of salt for domestic consumption.From the 1920s to early 1940s, he led a series of passive resistance campaigns in pursuit of Swaraj, which redefined the character of Indian nationalism. He sought tolerance between Hindus and Muslims and the eradication of caste untouchability. In January 1948 he was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic for his pro-Muslim sympathies. Gandhi’s insistence that means were more important than the ends distinguished him from other great political leaders of the twentieth century.Since his death Gandhi has become the source of inspiration for non-violent polit ical movements such as the Civil Rights Movement in the USA. Desmond Tutu in the article A Force More Powerful a Century of Nonviolent Conflict rightfully points out: â€Å"The leaders who opted for nonviolent weapons often learned from resistance movements of the past. Indian nationalist leader Mohandas Gandhi was inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1905. The Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. and other African American leaders traveled to India to study Gandhi’s tactics.† (Tutu, 2000) Non-cooperation was a major tactic employed by Gandhi when he felt the state had become immoral or unjust.In the King movement, such action was called boycott, the most effective nonviolent tactic employed in the movement to abolish discrimination in public transportation in Montgomery, Alabama. The justification for such action lies in the fact that rejection is as much of an action as acceptance. Thus, King, like Gandhi, while emphasizing the necessity of courage, utilized the boycott to achieve rejection of unjust laws regulating public transportation and public lunch counters.The net effect of the various expressions of the nonviolent protest, especially the boycott, strike, demonstration and jail, was to draw one’s opponent off balance, hoping thereby to change his mind. (Smith, p.58) Nonviolence, therefore, was not a sign of weakness or of a lack of courage. Quite the contrary, King believed that only the strong and courageous person could be nonviolent. He advised persons not to get involved in the civil rights struggle unless they had the strength and the courage to stand before people full of hate and to break the cycle of violence by refusing to retaliate.King just as Gandhi emphasized the need to prepare for action. The Civil Rights Movement initiated by Martin Luther King, Jr. succeeded in mobilizing massive nonviolent direct action. Innovative tactics included economic boycotts, beginning with the yearlong boycott of a bus company in Montgomery, Al abama, begun in December 1955 and led by Martin Luther King, Jr.; sit-in demonstrations; and mass marches, including a massive mobilization of whites and blacks in the August 1963 March on Washington, which culminated in King’s â€Å"I have a dream† speech, and protest marches led by King that met with police violence in Selma, Alabama, in January 1965.The goal of these protests was to overthrow the entire system of racial segregation and to empower African Americans by seizing the franchise. Participants of the Civil Rights Movement were often beaten and brutalized by southern law enforcement officials, and thousands were arrested and jailed for their protest activities. Some leaders and participants were killed.Nevertheless, an endless stream of highly visible confrontations in the streets, which contrasted the brutality and the inhumanity of the white segregationists with the dignity and resolve of black protesters, made the cause of black civil rights the major iss ue in the United States for over a decade during the 1950s and 1960s. The nation and its leaders were forced to decide publicly whether to grant African Americans their citizenship rights or to side with white segregationists who advocated racial superiority and the undemocratic subjugation of black people.In conclusion it would be relevant to provide a brief revision of the similarity and differences the detection of which was purpose of this analysis. The parallels between Gandhi and Martin Luther King are self-evident. This preliminary look at Gandhi and King’s activity gives us the understanding that nonviolent movement cannot be limited by time frames or specific location. It rather needs a leader with strong character, resilience and ability to persuade people. The two leaders preferred nonviolence at a time when their people were being oppressed. Both struggled against the yoke of white oppression. Like Gandhi, King valued the power of nonviolent political action in ke eping with the spirit of Gandhi’s satyagraha. King’s role in organizing the Montgomery bus boycott enabled him to emerge as the creator of a strategy of civil disobedience that earned for the civil-rights movement in the United States unprecedented media coverage, new forms of public recognition, and greater access to political power.Though both agreed that nonviolence is successful tactics on condition that every individual is committed to truth and justice, Gandhi tended to lay stress upon the necessity of personal suffering when participating in nonviolent movement, an attitude that to some extent was less aggressive than King’s emphasis on self-sacrifice. Moreover, Gandhi claimed that to achieve the goals through nonviolence one needs patience and non-cooperation and King believed that it is a certain degree of confrontation that is necessary to accomplish change. One more difference between Gandhi and King lies in the paradigm of their activity.While Gandhi was concerned about social injustice suffered by Indian people, King’s concerns bore upon racial discrimination of African Americans in the USA. And probably the most striking difference is the result of their struggle. While Martin Luther King’s ideas after his death were followed through by his followers and found an echo in common American’s heart, Gandhi was criticized that his tactics unnecessarily delayed the departure of the British, precipitated the partition of India, and led to the Hinduization of Congress because of his over-emphasis on religion. Few of Gandhi’s ideas were put into practice by independent India.While both of them deserve respect and admiration, it is possible to recognize that their approaches to the practice of nonviolence later grew strong one as opposition, the other as protest. Gandhi and King help us to believe that peaceful resolution of a conflict will live up to its promise.References:Andrews, C. F. Mahatma Gandhi†™s Ideas.   London: Allen & Unwin, 1949McCarthy, R. and Sharp, G., eds., Nonviolent Action: A Research Guide. New York, 1997Sharp, G. The Role of Power in Nonviolent Struggle. Monograph Series, No. 3. The Albert Einstein Institution, 1990Smith, Kenneth and Zepp, Ira. Search for the Beloved Community: The Thinking of Martin Luther King. Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1974.Tutu, Desmond. â€Å"A Force More Powerful a Century of Nonviolent Conflict†. Social Education. (64):5, 2000

How to Write a Research Essay on Apache Native Americans

How to Write a Research Essay on Apache Native Americans The research essay is a scientific form of writing, one which is typically done for social science courses or as a follow up assignment to a lab or experiment you conducted. Research based writing is less creative, has more a formal structure, and requires you to back up everything you claim with evidence. Evidence can come in the form of data, statistics, or quotes from an expert in the field, etc†¦ Research essays require you to spend time, as the name would suggest, researching the topic. Your goal is to learn as much about your topic as possible so that you can support each claim you make and refute any opposition. When you are working on a piece like this, you want to first brainstorm some topics that are of personal interest to you. The more interested you are in the topic, the easier the research will be and the more passionate your arguments. If you are already familiar to some degree with a topic that is even better because it will reduce the amount of time you spend on background research. If possible, you can always tie in two or more ideas about which seem to you challenging and exciting. For example, you can relate your topic of Apache Native Americans to cultural changes in the US, so long as you present evidence to support your claims. The more facts and data you can present to support your argument, the better informed your reader will be. You also want to ensure that you cover the opposing viewpoint in one of your body paragraphs and in that, refute it with reasoning and facts supported with evidence. For your research essay, you can use superb facts on Apache Native Americans that are written for you. Before you begin the writing process, you need to create an outline as to the points you want to make and find reputable data to support the points. When evaluating evidence, make sure to review the source, the author, and where it was found. Reputable sources generally derive from academic databases, books authored by noted scholars in their fields, and peer reviewed journals. Information derived from such sources will go a long way in supporting your argument. When you start the writing process, you are better off beginning with your thesis statement and your body paragraphs. The introduction and conclusion are both best written after you have a solid middle. The reason for this is that the introduction and conclusion both serve as a summary, to some degree, of the content within the body paragraphs and if you have yet to draft those, you will not be in a good position to write about what you haven’t drafted. For each body paragraph, you want to present roughly the same amount of evidence. If, for example, your first body paragraph is supported by three pieces of evidence (two sets of statistics and one quote from an expert) you want to try and ascertain three pieces of evidence for the other body paragraphs as well. This will provide a more well-rounded presentation. These tips are prepared for you because it is a common knowledge that writing a research paper takes time and much patience. We hope that they will help you and you will write only the best papers.

Learn About the History of the Microphone

Learn About the History of the Microphone A microphone is a device for converting acoustic power into electric power with essentially similar wave characteristics. These devices convert sound waves into electrical voltages that are subsequently converted back into sound waves and amplified through speakers. Today, microphones are most often associated with the music and entertainment industries, but the devices date back as far as the 1600s when scientists began seeking out ways in which they could amplify sound. The 1600s 1665: While the word â€Å"microphone† wasn’t used until the 19th century, English physicist and inventor Robert Hooke is credited with developing an acoustic cup and string style phone and is considered a pioneer in the field of transmitting sound across distances. The 1800s 1827: Sir Charles Wheatstone was the first person to coin the phrase microphone. A renowned English physicist and inventor, Wheatstone is best known for inventing the telegraph. His interests were varied, and he devoted some of his time the study of acoustics during the 1820s. Wheatstone was among the first scientists to formally recognize that sound was transmitted by waves through mediums. This knowledge led him to explore ways of transmitting sounds from one place to another, even over long distances. He worked on a device that could amplify weak sounds, which he called a microphone. 1876: Emile Berliner invented what many consider the first modern microphone while working with famed inventor Thomas Edison. Berliner, a German-born American, was best known for his invention of the Gramophone and the gramophone record, which he patented in 1887. After seeing a Bell Company demonstration at the U.S. Centennial Exposition, Berliner was inspired to find ways to improve the newly invented telephone. The Bell Telephone Companys management was impressed with the device he came up with, a telephone voice transmitter, and bought Berliners microphone patent for $50,000. (Berliners original patent was overturned and later credited to Edison.) 1878: Just a couple years after Berliner and Edison created their microphone, David Edward Hughes, a British-American inventor/music professor, developed the first carbon microphone. Hughess microphone was the early prototype for the various carbon microphones still in use today. The 20th Century 1915: The development of the vacuum tube ampliï ¬ er helped improve the volume output for devices, including the microphone. 1916: The condenser microphone, often referred to as a capacitor or an electrostatic microphone, was patented by inventor E.C. Wente while working at Bell Laboratories. Wente had been tasked with improving the audio quality for telephones but his innovations also enhanced the microphone. 1920s: As broadcast radio became one of the premier sources for news and entertainment around the world, the demand for improved microphone technology grew. In response, the RCA Company developed the first ribbon microphone, the PB-31/PB-17, for radio broadcasting. 1928: In Germany, Georg Neumann and Co. was founded and rose to fame for its microphones. Georg Neumann designed the first commercial condenser microphone, nicknamed â€Å"the bottle† because of its shape. 1931: Western Electric marketed its 618 Electrodynamic Transmitter, the ï ¬ rst dynamic microphone. 1957: Raymond A. Litke, an electrical engineer with Educational Media Resources and San Jose State College  invented and filed a patent for the first wireless microphone. It was designed for multimedia applications including television,  radio, and higher education. 1959: The Unidyne III microphone was the first uni-directional device designed to collect sound from the top of the microphone, rather than the side. This set a new level of design for microphones in the future. 1964: Bell Laboratories researchers James West and Gerhard Sessler received patent no. 3,118,022 for the electroacoustic transducer, an electret microphone. The electret microphone offered greater reliability and higher precision at a lower cost and with a smaller size. It revolutionized the microphone industry, with almost one billion units manufactured each year. 1970s: Both dynamic and condenser mics were further enhanced, allowing for a lower sound level sensitivity and a clearer sound recording. A number of miniature mics were also developed during this decade. 1983: Sennheiser developed the first clip-on microphones: one that was a directional mic (MK# 40) and one that was designed for the studio (MKE 2). These microphones are still popular today. 1990s: Neumann introduced the KMS 105, a condenser model designed for live performances, setting a new standard for quality. The 21st Century 2000s: MEMS (Microelectromechanical systems) microphones begin making inroads in portable devices including cell phones, headsets, and laptops. The trend for miniature mics continues with applications such as wearable devices, smart home, and automobile technology, 2010: The Eigenmike was released, a microphone that is composed of several high-quality microphones arranged on the surface of a solid sphere, allowing the sound to be captured from a variety of directions. This allowed for greater control when editing and rendering sound. Sources Leslie, Clara Louise,  Who Invented the Microphone?  Radio Broadcast, 1926Who Invented the Microphone: How Emile Berliner came up with the invention and how it has impacted the broadcasting industry. The History Engine. Digital Scholarship Lab.  The University of Richmond,  © 2008–2015  Shechmeister, Matthew. The Birth of the Microphone: How Sound Became Signal. Wired.com. January 11, 2011Bartelbaugh, Ron. Trends in Technology: Microphones. RadioWorld. December 1, 2010

In the light of this comment, consider the legal and political Essay

In the light of this comment, consider the legal and political relationship between the EU and NATO - Essay Example This may outdate the need for NATO as an alliance, rather a straight-forward agreement between North America and the EU as a whole. Therefore the first section will illustrate and examine the security problems and how they cause problems for the EU to fight organized crime and terrorism, asking whether NATO is outdated. The second section will then deal with how the EU combats terrorism amd organized crime and considers whether it will ever be successful. Finally, this section will consider the problems that terrorism pose to the EU's and whether its relationship with NATO is an integral part to security and intelligence considerations in this area and its importance of success. This joint NATO and EU effort was seen as a highly successful strategy in the fight against the Taliban by the freezing of Afghani bank accounts, also illegal workers have been stopped by the EU Directive governing the ability to work, i.e. the need to show appropriate ID to show entitlement to work within th e EU.2 The EU has seen increased problems with organized crime which comes from the opening of borders and promoting a union of states. This problem has intensified since the enlargement of the EU because a lot of the post-communist nations have had over 10 years to promote organized crime. In addition there is the added problems that the events of September 11th 2001 and have caused in respect to Islamic organized crime groups funding terrorist attacks. Therefore organized crime is no longer a domestic crime problem for the EU in respect to financial and service trafficking but is threatening the military security of the EU and the individual nations within. Therefore it is important that this section dealing with security focuses on the problems of enlargement, especially in respect to the Eastern European ascending nations and Cyprus which may cause instability in respect to Islamic terrorist and organized crime groups. This means that a secured security force and relations with NATO ma y be important in the area of intelligence and terrorist threats.3 Enlargement of the EU: Enlargement of the EU is a mixed blessing, because on one hand it is helping to achieve a status of stability and cohesiveness throughout the region. On the other hand, there are concerns that in making the Union larger will in fact de-stabilize the region making it harder for the EU to ensure security and this increase the difficulties for the EU to fight crime, especially organized crime.4 This is due to prejudice of certain groups which would have free access in the region, one such group are the Roma Gypsy migrants from Slovakia. In the past few months the newspapers have displayed the concerns of the British public and politicians about these migrants when the nation joins the EU. Therefore this introduces the question whether the EU really respects the integrity of cultural difference Other problems include the possible de-stabilizing of the economy by incorporating smaller,

MDCM (B) Write Up Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MDCM (B) Write Up - Assignment Example It was found out most of these systems do not communicate well with each other because they are legacy systems and had different protocols to begin with. The key to reversing its alarmingly poor financial performance is to have modern business information systems that will allow key people access to information at the right time when they need it the most to create advantages ((Thompson & Strickland 204). A number of options are presently being considered by top management such as earlier attempts to re-align its corporate strategy by a pre-planning activity to produce a good profile of the firm (Sherman, Rowley & Armandi 163) that will in turn be used to produce analysis. A key finding by the top management through the newly-formed interdisciplinary IT Portfolio Management (ITPM) executive committee was to identify and then prioritize the important IT initiatives that need to be undertaken in view of its available resources, the time involved and the degree of importance of an IT project to the firm. Obviously, it cannot hope to undertake everything at once and so a system of priority has to be formulated to guide its decisions on which projects to fund. In other words, the adoption of an appropriate IT strategy has to be based on a projects relevance and urgency to separate them for what are merely important. This paper examines the various ways by which the ITPM executive team had gone about its task of selecting the best IT projects to be pursued based on a set of criteria it had set for itself with regards to evaluating competing projects that need funding from the limited but available resources at MDCM, Inc. It simply means some projects are urgent, some important and some necessary with varying degrees of chances of success during implementation. Also, not all the IT projects have the same time frames, some are quick to do and other projects may take a bit longer due to their complexity. The fast-paced